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Yu Cong 2025-04-10 16:41:11 +08:00
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## Core latex/pdflatex auxiliary files:
*.aux
*.lof
*.log
*.lot
*.fls
*.out
*.toc
*.fmt
*.fot
*.cb
*.cb2
.*.lb
## Intermediate documents:
*.dvi
*.xdv
*-converted-to.*
# these rules might exclude image files for figures etc.
# *.ps
# *.eps
# *.pdf
## Generated if empty string is given at "Please type another file name for output:"
.pdf
## Bibliography auxiliary files (bibtex/biblatex/biber):
*.bbl
*.bbl-SAVE-ERROR
*.bcf
*.bcf-SAVE-ERROR
*.blg
*-blx.aux
*-blx.bib
*.run.xml
## Build tool auxiliary files:
*.fdb_latexmk
*.synctex
*.synctex(busy)
*.synctex.gz
*.synctex.gz(busy)
*.pdfsync
*.rubbercache
rubber.cache
## Build tool directories for auxiliary files
# latexrun
latex.out/
## Auxiliary and intermediate files from other packages:
# algorithms
*.alg
*.loa
# achemso
acs-*.bib
# amsthm
*.thm
# beamer
*.nav
*.pre
*.snm
*.vrb
# changes
*.soc
# comment
*.cut
# cprotect
*.cpt
# elsarticle (documentclass of Elsevier journals)
*.spl
# endnotes
*.ent
# fixme
*.lox
# feynmf/feynmp
*.mf
*.mp
*.t[1-9]
*.t[1-9][0-9]
*.tfm
#(r)(e)ledmac/(r)(e)ledpar
*.end
*.?end
*.[1-9]
*.[1-9][0-9]
*.[1-9][0-9][0-9]
*.[1-9]R
*.[1-9][0-9]R
*.[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
*.eledsec[1-9]
*.eledsec[1-9]R
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9]
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9]R
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]
*.eledsec[1-9][0-9][0-9]R
# glossaries
*.acn
*.acr
*.glg
*.glo
*.gls
*.glsdefs
*.lzo
*.lzs
*.slg
*.slo
*.sls
# uncomment this for glossaries-extra (will ignore makeindex's style files!)
# *.ist
# gnuplot
*.gnuplot
*.table
# gnuplottex
*-gnuplottex-*
# gregoriotex
*.gaux
*.glog
*.gtex
# htlatex
*.4ct
*.4tc
*.idv
*.lg
*.trc
*.xref
# hypdoc
*.hd
# hyperref
*.brf
# knitr
*-concordance.tex
# TODO Uncomment the next line if you use knitr and want to ignore its generated tikz files
# *.tikz
*-tikzDictionary
# listings
*.lol
# luatexja-ruby
*.ltjruby
# makeidx
*.idx
*.ilg
*.ind
# minitoc
*.maf
*.mlf
*.mlt
*.mtc[0-9]*
*.slf[0-9]*
*.slt[0-9]*
*.stc[0-9]*
# minted
_minted*
*.pyg
# morewrites
*.mw
# newpax
*.newpax
# nomencl
*.nlg
*.nlo
*.nls
# pax
*.pax
# pdfpcnotes
*.pdfpc
# sagetex
*.sagetex.sage
*.sagetex.py
*.sagetex.scmd
# scrwfile
*.wrt
# svg
svg-inkscape/
# sympy
*.sout
*.sympy
sympy-plots-for-*.tex/
# pdfcomment
*.upa
*.upb
# pythontex
*.pytxcode
pythontex-files-*/
# tcolorbox
*.listing
# thmtools
*.loe
# TikZ & PGF
*.dpth
*.md5
*.auxlock
# titletoc
*.ptc
# todonotes
*.tdo
# vhistory
*.hst
*.ver
# easy-todo
*.lod
# xcolor
*.xcp
# xmpincl
*.xmpi
# xindy
*.xdy
# xypic precompiled matrices and outlines
*.xyc
*.xyd
# endfloat
*.ttt
*.fff
# Latexian
TSWLatexianTemp*
## Editors:
# WinEdt
*.bak
*.sav
# Texpad
.texpadtmp
# LyX
*.lyx~
# Kile
*.backup
# gummi
.*.swp
# KBibTeX
*~[0-9]*
# TeXnicCenter
*.tps
# auto folder when using emacs and auctex
./auto/*
*.el
# expex forward references with \gathertags
*-tags.tex
# standalone packages
*.sta
# Makeindex log files
*.lpz
# xwatermark package
*.xwm
# REVTeX puts footnotes in the bibliography by default, unless the nofootinbib
# option is specified. Footnotes are the stored in a file with suffix Notes.bib.
# Uncomment the next line to have this generated file ignored.
#*Notes.bib

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% ========================-*- LaTeX -*-=========================
%
% chao.sty -- modified from jeffe.sty
% jeffe.sty can be found at http://web.engr.illinois.edu/~jeffe/pubs/latex.html
%
% ==========================================================
\ProvidesPackage{chao}
% remarkable size
\newif\ifchao@remarkable
\DeclareOption{remarkable}{\chao@remarkabletrue}
\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\PassOptionsToPackage{unicode}{hyperref}
\PassOptionsToPackage{naturalnames}{hyperref}
\ProcessOptions
\RequirePackage{latexsym,amsmath}
\RequirePackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
\RequirePackage[colorlinks=true,urlcolor=Blue,citecolor=Green,linkcolor=BrickRed,unicode]{hyperref}
\RequirePackage[hyperref]{ntheorem} % theorem numbering
\RequirePackage{aliascnt}
\RequirePackage{xspace}
% st mary fonts
\RequirePackage{stmaryrd} % comment out if unavailable
\SetSymbolFont{stmry}{bold}{U}{stmry}{m}{n}
\RequirePackage{wasysym}
% nagging
\RequirePackage[l2tabu, orthodox]{nag}
\RequirePackage[all,warning]{onlyamsmath}
\RequirePackage{graphicx} % essentials
\RequirePackage{microtype}
\RequirePackage[mathletters]{ucs} % allow Unicode in .tex file
\RequirePackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\RequirePackage[charter]{mathdesign} % change fonts
\RequirePackage{XCharter} % change fonts
\RequirePackage{berasans, beramono}
\RequirePackage{eucal}
\RequirePackage[nocompress]{cite} % other convenient stuff
\RequirePackage{enumerate}
%\usepackage{pgf,tikz}
\RequirePackage{wrapfig}
\RequirePackage[medium,compact]{titlesec}
\RequirePackage{verbatim}
\usepackage{CJKutf8}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newaliascnt{lemma}{theorem}
\newaliascnt{corollary}{theorem}
\newaliascnt{conjecture}{theorem}
\newaliascnt{proposition}{theorem}
\newtheorem{lemma}{Lemma}[section]
\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary}[section]
\newtheorem{conjecture}{Conjecture}[section]
\newtheorem{proposition}{Proposition}[section]
\newtheorem{problem}{Problem}
\newcommand{\lemmaautorefname}{Lemma}
\newcommand{\corollaryautorefname}{Corollary}
\newcommand{\conjectureautorefname}{Conjecture}
\newcommand{\propositionautorefname}{Proposition}
\newcommand{\problemautorefname}{Problem}
\newenvironment{definition}[1][Definition]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\newenvironment{example}[1][Example]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivliST}}
\newenvironment{remark}[1][Remark]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\widowpenalty 5000
\clubpenalty 5000
% line numbers (be nice to the referee)
\RequirePackage[mathlines, pagewise]{lineno}
%\linenumbers
\nolinenumbers
\renewcommand\linenumberfont{\normalfont\tiny\sffamily\color{gray}}
\setlength\linenumbersep{2em}
\numberwithin{figure}{section}
\ifchao@remarkable
\RequirePackage[paperheight=209.6mm, paperwidth=157.2mm, top=0.2in,bottom=0.2in,right=0.2in,left=0.2in]{geometry}
\tolerance=10000
\else
\RequirePackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\fi
%\setlength{\topmargin}{-0.5in} \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
%\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.0in} \setlength{\textheight}{9.1in}
%\pagestyle{empty}
%\newlength{\pagewidth}
%\setlength{\pagewidth}{6.5in} %\pagestyle{empty}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\urlstyle{same} % dammit
\hyphenation{co-or-din-ate co-or-din-ates half-plane half-space stereo-iso-mers stereo-iso-mer Round-table homol-ogous homol-ogy poly-hedron poly-hedra homeo-morphic homeo-morph-ism}
\pdfstringdefDisableCommands{\let\boldmath\relax} % allow \boldmath in section titles
\let\subsectionautorefname\sectionautorefname
\let\subsubsectionautorefname\sectionautorefname
% Chao addition
\def\email#1{\href{mailto:#1}{#1}}
% chinese
\def\zh#1{\begin{CJK}{UTF8}{gbsn}#1\end{CJK}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Common Latin abbreviations, only one of which is actually kosher
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\etal{\emph{et~al.}} % and others
%\def\ie{\emph{i.e.}} % that is
\def\ie{\textcolor{red}{that is}}
%\def\eg{\emph{e.g.}} % for example
\def\eg{\textcolor{red}{for example}}
% -----------------------
% Common Names
% -----------------------
\def\Mobius{M\"obius\xspace}
% -----------------------
% useful shortcuts
% -----------------------
\def\cost{\cent}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Simple math stuff
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\renewcommand{\subset}{\subseteq}
% ---- SYMBOLS ----
\let\e\varepsilon % a ``real'' epsilon — better yet, just use Unicode ε.
%
% I give up. These are in the wrong font, but my kludged versions
% LOOK like kludges, especially \Z, \Q, and \C.
%
\def\Real{\mathbb{R}}
\def\Proj{\mathbb{P}}
\def\Hyper{\mathbb{H}}
\def\Integer{\mathbb{Z}}
\def\Natural{\mathbb{N}}
\def\Complex{\mathbb{C}}
\def\Rational{\mathbb{Q}}
\let\N\Natural
\let\Q\Rational
\let\R\Real
\let\Z\Integer
\def\Rd{\Real^d}
\def\RP{\Real\Proj}
\def\CP{\Complex\Proj}
% ---- OPERATORS (requires amsmath) ----
\def\aff{\operatorname{aff}}
\def\area{\operatorname{area}}
\def\argmax{\operatornamewithlimits{arg\,max}}
\def\argmin{\operatornamewithlimits{arg\,min}}
\def\Aut{\operatorname{Aut}} % Automorphism group
\def\card{\operatorname{card}} % cardinality, deprecated for \abs
\def\conv{\operatorname{conv}}
\def\E{\operatorname{E}} % Expectation: $\E[X]$ (like \Pr)
\def\EE{\operatornamewithlimits{E}}
\def\Hom{\operatorname{Hom}} % Homomorphism group
\def\id{\operatorname{id}} % identity
\def\im{\operatorname{im}} % image
\def\lcm{\operatorname{lcm}}
\def\lfs{\operatorname{lfs}} % local feature size
\def\poly{\operatorname{poly}}
\def\polylog{\operatorname{polylog}}
\def\rank{\operatorname{rank}}
\def\rel{\operatorname{rel\,}} % relative (interior, boundary, etc.)
\def\sgn{\operatorname{sgn}}
\def\vol{\operatorname{vol}} % volume
\def\fp#1{^{\underline{#1}}} % falling powers: $n\fp{d}$
\def\rp#1{^{\overline{#1}}} % rising powers: $n\rp{d}$
\def\setsymdiff{\operatorname{\triangle}}
% --- Darts and fences ---
% less nice replacements for stmaryrd characters
\@ifundefined{shortrightarrow}{\let\shortrightarrow\rightarrow}{}
\@ifundefined{shortleftarrow}{\let\shortleftarrow\leftarrow}{}
\@ifundefined{shortuparrow}{\let\shortuparrow\uparrow}{}
\@ifundefined{shortdownarrow}{\let\shortdownarrow\downarrow}{}
\def\arcto{\mathord\shortrightarrow}
\def\arcfrom{\mathord\shortleftarrow}
\def\arc#1#2{#1\arcto#2}
\def\cra#1#2{#1\mathord\shortleftarrow#2}
\def\fence#1#2{#1\mathord\shortuparrow#2}
\def\ecnef#1#2{#1\mathord\shortdownarrow#2}
% --- Cheap displaystyle operators ---
\def\Frac#1#2{{\displaystyle\frac{#1}{#2}}}
\def\Sum{\sum\limits}
\def\Prod{\prod\limits}
\def\Union{\bigcup\limits}
\def\Inter{\bigcap\limits}
\def\Lor{\bigvee\limits}
\def\Land{\bigwedge\limits}
\def\Lim{\lim\limits}
\def\Max{\max\limits}
\def\Min{\min\limits}
% ---- RELATORS ----
\def\deq{\stackrel{\scriptscriptstyle\triangle}{=}} % Use := instead.
\def\into{\DOTSB\hookrightarrow} % = one-to-one
\def\onto{\DOTSB\twoheadrightarrow}
\def\inonto{\DOTSB\lhook\joinrel\twoheadrightarrow}
\def\from{\leftarrow}
\def\tofrom{\leftrightarrow}
\def\mapsfrom{\mathrel{\reflectbox{$\mapsto$}}}
\def\longmapsfrom{\mathrel{\reflectbox{$\longmapsto$}}}
% ---- DELIMITER PAIRS ----
% --- always self-scaling delmiter pairs ---
\def\set#1{\left\{ #1 \right\}}
\def\floor#1{\left\lfloor #1 \right\rfloor}
\def\ceil#1{\left\lceil #1 \right\rceil}
\def\seq#1{\left\langle #1 \right\rangle}
\def\abs#1{\left| #1 \right|}
\def\norm#1{\left\| #1 \right\|}
\def\paren#1{\left( #1 \right)} % need better macro name!
\def\brack#1{\left[ #1 \right]} % need better macro name!
\def\indic#1{\left[ #1 \right]} % indicator variable; Iverson notation
%
% Macros to typeset sets like {foo|bar} with all three delimiters
% correctly scaled to fit. What I *really* want is a \middle macro
% that acts just like \left and \right. Grumble.
%
% Set version is handled by package braket.
\def\Bigbar#1{\mathrel{\left|\vphantom{#1}\right.\n@space}}
\def\Seqbar#1#2{\Seq{#1 \Bigbar{#1 #2} #2}}
\def\Brackbar#1#2{\Brack{#1 \Bigbar{#1 #2} #2}}
% Math mode fbox
\def\mfbox#1{\mathchoice{{\fbox{\ensuremath{\displaystyle #1}}}}
{{\fbox{\ensuremath{\textstyle #1}}}}
{{\fbox{\ensuremath{\scriptstyle #1}}}}
{{\fbox{\ensuremath{\scriptscriptstyle #1}}}}}
% ---- ``ACCENTS'' ----
% NB: Commands equivalent to \lrarrowfill and \overlrarrow are
% already defined in amstex!
\def\lrarrowfill{$\m@th\mathord\leftarrow\mkern-6mu%
\cleaders\hbox{$\mkern-2mu\mathord-\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
\mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}
\def\overlrarrow#1{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr
\lrarrowfill\crcr\noalign{\kern-\p@\nointerlineskip}
$\hfil\displaystyle{#1}\hfil$\crcr}}}
\def\Line#1{\!\overlrarrow{\vphantom{t}\smash{\,#1\,}}\!}
\def\Ray#1{\overrightarrow{\vphantom{t}#1\,}\!}
\def\Seg#1{\overline{\vphantom{t}#1}}
% ---- TEXT STYLES ----
\def\mathsc#1{\text{\textsc{#1}}}
\def\mathbs#1{\text{\boldmath\ensuremath{#1}}}
\def\EMPH#1{\textbf{\emph{\boldmath #1}}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% \begin{bigabstract}...\end{bigabstract}
% For use in documents with title pages. Use normal-sized text in
% the abstract!
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\newenvironment{bigabstract}%
{\begin{center}\large\textbf{\abstractname}\end{center}\begin{quotation}}%
{\end{quotation}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Make captions smaller than the text, make their titles bold.
% Arguments: #1 == figure name: "Figure 5"
% #2 == caption: "Papers by \Erdos, 1900--2000 (projected)"
% Less space after floats and before caption, since captions are smaller
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\@ifundefined{abovecaptionskip}{\newlength\abovecaptionskip}
\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{
\vskip \abovecaptionskip
\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{{\sffamily\footnotesize \textbf{#1.} #2}}
\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize % if more than one line,
{\sffamily\footnotesize \textbf{#1.} #2\par} % typeset normally
\else % else
\hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil} % center
\fi}
\dbltextfloatsep 18pt plus 2pt minus 4pt % was 20pt plus 2pt minus 4pt
\textfloatsep 18pt plus 2pt minus 4pt % was 20pt plus 2pt minus 4pt
\abovecaptionskip 6pt % was 10pt
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Revised theorem environment:
% Add a period after the theorem number, and make theorems slanted
% instead of italic to help distinguish text from math. Use
% \boldmath in theorem label in case it includes math.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{\trivlist
\item[\hskip\labelsep{\bfseries\boldmath #1\ #2\ (#3).}]\slshape}
\def\@begintheorem#1#2{\trivlist
\item[\hskip\labelsep{\bfseries\boldmath #1\ #2.}]\slshape}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% \newproof{type}{text}(style)[post]:
% Define a new type of unnumbered ``theorem'' environment. The last
% two arguments are optional; most environments will not use them.
%
% To change label style, put new style command in label:
% \newproof{comment}{\textsf{Comment}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\newproof#1#2{\@ifnextchar({\@snproof{#1}{#2}}{\@snproof{#1}{#2}()}}
\def\@snproof#1#2(#3){\@ifnextchar[{\@xnproof{#1}{#2}{#3}}
{\@xnproof{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}}
\def\@xnproof#1#2#3[#4]{%\expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
{\global\@namedef{#1}{\@prf{#2}{#3}}\global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endprf{#4}}}}
\def\@prf#1#2{\@ifnextchar[{\@xprf{#1}{#2}}{\@yprf{#1}{#2}}}
\def\@xprf#1#2[#3]{\@yprf{#1\ (#3)}{#2}}
\def\@yprf#1#2{\begin{trivlist}\item[\hskip\labelsep{\bfseries\boldmath #1:}]#2}
\def\@endprf#1{#1\end{trivlist}}
%
% Standard proof envrionment: last line has a halmos at the right margin.
% Insert \qed to override default halmos placement.
% Incompatible with amsprf package!
%
\newif\ifneedqed
\global\needqedfalse
\@ifundefined{square}{\let\square\Box}{} % grumble latex2e
\def\QED{\ensuremath{{\square}}}
\def\markatright#1{\leavevmode\unskip\nobreak\quad\hspace*{\fill}{#1}}
\def\qed{\ifneedqed\markatright{\QED}\global\needqedfalse\else\null\fi}
\newproof{proof}{Proof\global\needqedtrue}[\qed]
\newproof{sketch}{Proof Sketch\global\needqedtrue}[\qed]
%
% 'Fake' proof environment, for use with wrapfig and similar packages
%
\newenvironment{rawproof}%
{\begin{trivlist}\item[\hskip\labelsep\textbf{Proof:}\global\needqedtrue]}%
{\qed\end{trivlist}}
%
% If the proof ends with a displayed equation, use \aftermath just
% before \end{proof} to put the halmos in the ``right'' place.
% Doesn't work worth a damn.
%
\def\aftermath{\par\vspace{-\belowdisplayskip}\vspace{-\parskip}\vspace{-\baselineskip}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% One-shot theoremish environment. For named things like ``Zorn's
% Lemma'' or ``The Death Leap Principle'' or ``The Zone Theorem''.
% To get one-shot proofish environment, put \normalfont inside.
% New improved version stolen from Erik Demaine.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\newenvironment{oneshot}[1]{\@begintheorem{#1}{\unskip}}{\@endtheorem}
% Meh.
\def\Comment#1{\textsf{\textsl{$\langle\!\langle$#1\/$\rangle\!\rangle$}}}
\def\beginc@de{\noindent\begin{center}\begin{minipage}{1in}\tt
\begin{tabbing}~~~~\=~~~~\=~~~~\=~~~~\=~~~~\=~~~~\=~~~~\=\kill}
\def\endc@de{\end{tabbing}\end{minipage}\end{center}}
\newenvironment{code}{\beginc@de}{\endc@de}
%
% These only work with <1 line of text. Use sparingly!!
%
\def\textul#1{\underline{\smash{#1}\vphantom{.}}}
\def\strike#1{\ensuremath{\overline{\text{\smash{#1}\vphantom{.}}}}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Include a file verbatim. Searches the TEXINPUTS path for the file,
% even though that's probably not what you really want. Stolen from
% ``verbatimfiles.sty'' by Chris Rowley and others. [Don't use their
% \vertbatimlisting macro; it has some bizarre side-effects!]
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\verbinput#1{
\begingroup\@verbatim\frenchspacing\@vobeyspaces\input#1\endgroup
}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% \now -- Current time in h:mm AM/PM format
% \mdyy -- Today's date in m/d/yy format. Forget Y2K; this is for humans!
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\newcount\timehh\timehh=\time
\divide\timehh by 60
\newcount\timemm\timemm=\time
\count255=\timehh
\multiply\count255 by -60
\advance\timemm by \count255
\newif\iftimePM
\ifnum\timehh>11 \timePMtrue\else\timePMfalse\fi
\ifnum\timehh<1 \advance\timehh by 12\fi
\ifnum\timehh>12 \advance\timehh by -12\fi
\def\now{\number\timehh:\ifnum\timemm<10 0\fi\number\timemm
\iftimePM pm\else am\fi}
\newcount\mdYY\mdYY=\year
\count255=\year
\divide\count255 by 100
\multiply\count255 by 100
\advance\mdYY by -\count255
\def\mdyy{\number\month/\number\day/\ifnum\mdYY<10 0\fi\number\mdYY}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Notes to myself. The margin flags are broken, thanks to an
% incompatibility with the geometry package.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\n@te#1{\textsf{\boldmath \textbf{$\langle\!\langle$#1$\rangle\!\rangle$}}\leavevmode}
\def\n@tew@rn{\GenericWarning{}{AUTHOR WARNING: Unresolved \protect\note}}
\def\n@ten@te#1{\marginpar
[\hfill\llap{\textcolor{red}{{#1}$\!\Longrightarrow$}}]
{\rlap{\textcolor{red}{$\Longleftarrow\!${#1}}}}}
% Warning: The textcomp and mathdesign packages are incompatible!
%\def\n@tedingb@t{\@ifundefined{textmusicalnote}
% {$\maltese$} % if you don't have textcomp
% {\textmusicalnote}} % if you do have textcomp
\def\n@tedingb@t{\textcircled{$\maltese$}}
\def\note#1{\textcolor{red}{\n@tew@rn\n@te{\n@ten@te{\n@tedingb@t}#1}}}
\def\sidenote#1{\marginpar{\tiny\textsf{#1}}}
\setlength{\marginparsep}{0.1in}
\setlength{\marginparwidth}{\paperwidth}
\addtolength{\marginparwidth}{-\oddsidemargin}
\addtolength{\marginparwidth}{-\textwidth}
\addtolength{\marginparwidth}{-1.0\marginparsep}
\addtolength{\marginparwidth}{-1.0in}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
% TODO sets enclosed text in a gray rectangle with a red border
% with small sans-serif text.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
\definecolor{TODOcolor}{cmyk}{0.05,0,0,0}
\definecolor{TODOtxtcolor}{cmyk}{0,1,1,0}
\newenvironment{TODO}
{\fboxrule1.5pt\begin{lrbox}{\@tempboxa}
\begin{minipage}{0.9\columnwidth}\small\sffamily\color{TODOtxtcolor}}
{\end{minipage}
\end{lrbox}
\medskip\centerline{\fcolorbox{TODOtxtcolor}{TODOcolor}{\usebox{\@tempboxa}}}
\sidenote{\LARGE\color{Red}$\bigstar\bigstar\bigstar$}\medskip}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Bibliography aliases, so I can use mnemonic citation keys and
% geom.bib at the same time. \bibalias{foo}{bar} makes \cite{foo}
% act (almost) exactly like \cite{bar}. I dont actually use this.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\bibalias#1#2{%
\global\@namedef{b@#1}{%
{\@ifundefined{b@#2}{\textsf{?}}{}\csname b@#2\endcsname}}}
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Draft notice. Put \DRAFT on the title page, in place of \date.
% ----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\draftnotice{Preliminary draft --- \mdyy\ --- Not for distribution}
\def\DRAFT{
\date{\fbox{\textsf{\textbf{\draftnotice}}}}
\def\@oddfoot{\footnotesize\hss\fbox{\textbf{\textsf{\draftnotice}}}\hss}
\let\@evenfoot\@oddfoot
}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
% 'cramped' list style, stolen from Jeff Vitter. Doesn't always work.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\cramped
{\parskip\@outerparskip\@topsep\parskip\@topsepadd2pt\itemsep0pt
}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
% More footnote symbols, please.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ensuremath{\ifcase#1\or *\or \dagger\or \ddagger\or
\mathsection\or \mathparagraph\or \|\or **\or \dagger\dagger
\or \ddagger\ddagger \or \mathsection\mathsection \or
\mathparagraph\mathparagraph \else\@ctrerr\fi}}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
% TeXbook style quotations -- I should really use the right font, tho.
%----------------------------------------------------------------------
\newenvironment{rightquote}[1]
{\flushright\begin{minipage}{#1\textwidth}
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\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{chao}
\title{connectivity interdiction}
\author{}
\date{}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\opt}{OPT}
\DeclareMathOperator*{\len}{len}
\begin{document}
\section{``Cut-free'' Proof}
\begin{problem}[b-free knapsack]\label{bfreeknap}
Consider a set of elements $E$ and two weights $w:E\to \Z_+$ and
$c:E\to Z_+$ and a budget $b\in \Z_+$. Given a feasible set $\mathcal
F\subset 2^E$, find $\min_{X
\in \mathcal F, F\subset E} w(X\setminus F)$ such that $c(F)\leq b$.
\end{problem}
Always remember that $\mathcal F$ is usually not explicitly given.
\begin{problem}[Normalized knapsack]\label{nknap}
Given the same input as \autoref{bfreeknap}, find $\min \limits_{X
\in \mathcal F, F\subset E} \frac{w(X\setminus F)}{b+1-c(F)}$ such that
$c(F)\leq b$.
\end{problem}
Denote by $\tau$ the optimum of \autoref{nknap}. Define a new weight
$w_\tau:\E\to \R$,
\[
w_\tau(e)=\begin{cases}
w(e) & \text{if $w(e)< \tau\cdot c(e)$ (light elem)}\\
\tau\cdot c(e) & \text{otherwise (heavy elem)}
\end{cases}
\]
\begin{lemma}
Let $(X^N,F^N)$ be the optimal solution to \autoref{nknap}.
Every element in $F^N$ is heavy.
\end{lemma}
proof is exactly the same as lemma 1 in \cite{vygen_fptas_2024}.
\begin{lemma}\label{lem:lb}
For any $X\in \mathcal F$, $w_\tau(X)\ge \tau(1+b)$.
\end{lemma}
proof is the same.
\begin{lemma}
% $w_\tau (X^N)\le \tau(b+1)$.
$X^N\in \arg\min\limits_{X\in\mathcal F} w_\tau(X)$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
\begin{align*}
w_\tau (X^N) & \le w(X^N\setminus F^N) + w_\tau(F^N)\\
& = \tau \cdot(b+1-c(F^N)) + \tau\cdot c(F^N)\\
& = \tau(b+1)
\end{align*}
Thus by \autoref{lem:lb}, $X^N$ gets the minimum.
\end{proof}
Let $(X^*,F^*)$ be the optimal solution to \autoref{bfreeknap}.
\begin{lemma}
$X^*$ is either an $\alpha$-approximate solution to $\min_{X\in\mathcal F}
w_\tau(X)$ for some $\alpha>1$, or $w(X^*\setminus F^*)\geq
\tau(\alpha+(\alpha-1)b)$.
\end{lemma}
The proof is the same.
In fact, corollary 1 and theorem 5 are also the same as those in
\cite{vygen_fptas_2024}. Finally we get a knapsack version of Theorem 4:
\begin{theorem}[Theorem 4 in \cite{vygen_fptas_2024}]
Let $X^{\min}$ be the optimal solution to $\min_{X\in\mathcal F} w_\tau(X)$.
The optimal set $X^*$ in \autoref{bfreeknap} is a
2-approximation to $X^{\min}$.
\end{theorem}
Thus to obtain a FPTAS for \autoref{bfreeknap}, one need to design a FPTAS for
\autoref{nknap} and a polynomial time alg for finding all 2-approximations to
$\min_{X\in\mathcal F} w_\tau(X)$.
\paragraph{FPTAS for \autoref{nknap} in \cite{vygen_fptas_2024}} (The name
``FPTAS'' here is not precise since we do not have a approximation scheme but
an enumeration algorithm. But I will use this term anyway.) In their settings,
$\mathcal F$ is the collection of all cuts in some graph.
Let $\opt^N$ be the optimum of \autoref{nknap}. We can assume that there is no
$X\in \mathcal F$ s.t. $c(X)\le b$ since this is polynomially detectable
(through min-cut on $c(\cdot)$) and the optimum is 0. Thus we have
$\frac{1}{b+1} \le \opt^N \le |E|\cdot \max_e w(e)$. Then we enumerate
$\frac{(1+\varepsilon)^i}{b+1}$ where $i\in \set{0,1,\ldots,\floor{\log_{1+
\varepsilon}(|E|w_{\max}(b+1))}}$. There is a feasible $i$ s.t. $(1-\varepsilon)
\opt^N\le \frac{(1+\varepsilon)^i}{b+1}\leq \opt^N$ since
$\frac{(1+\varepsilon)^i}{b+1}\le \opt^N\le \frac{(1+\varepsilon)^{i+1}}{b+1}$
holds for some $i$.
Note that this enumeration scheme also holds for arbitrary $\mathcal F$ if we
have a non-zero lowerbound on $\opt^N$.
\begin{conjecture}
Let $(C,F)$ be the optimal solution to connectivity interdiction. The optimum
cut $C$ can be computed in polynomial time. In other words, connectivity
interdiction is almost as easy as knapsack.
\end{conjecture}
\section{Connections}
For unit costs, connectivity interdiction with budget $b=k-1$ is the same
problem as finding the minimum weighted edge set whose removal breaks $k$-edge
connectivity.
It turns out that \autoref{nknap} is just a necessary ingredient for MWU.
Authors of \cite{vygen_fptas_2024} $\subset$ authors of
\cite{chalermsook_approximating_2022}.
How to derive normalized min cut for connectivity interdiction?
\section{Random Stuff}
\subsection{remove box constraints}
Given a positive covering LP,
\begin{equation*}
\begin{aligned}
LP1=\min& & \sum_e w(e) x_e& & & \\
s.t.& & \sum_{e\in T} c(e)x_e&\geq k & &\forall T\\
& & c(e)\geq x_e&\geq 0 & &\forall e,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation*}
we want to remove constraints $c(e)\geq x_e$. Consider the following LP,
\begin{equation*}
\begin{aligned}
LP2=\min& & \sum_e w(e) x_e& & & \\
s.t.& & \sum_{e\in T} c(e)x_e&\geq k & &\forall T\\
& & \sum_{e\in T\setminus f} c(e)x_e&\geq k - c(f) & &\forall T \;
\forall f\in T\\
& & x_e&\geq 0 & &\forall e,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation*}
These two LPs have the same optimum. One can see that any feasible solution to
LP1 is feasible in LP2. Thus $\opt(LP1) \geq \opt(LP2)$. Next we show that any
$x_e$ in the optimum solution to LP2 is always in $[0,c(e)]$.
Let $x^*$ be the optimum and
suppose that $c(f)<x_f\in x^*$. Consider all constraints $\sum_{e\in T\setminus f} c(e)
x_e\geq k-c(f)$ on $T\ni f$. For any such constraint, we have $\sum_{e\in T} c(e)
x_e>k$ since we assume $x_f>c(f)$, which means we can decrease $x_f$ without violating any constraint. Thus it contradicts the assumption that $x^*$ is optimal. Then we can add redundant constraints $x_e\leq c(e) \;\forall e$ to LP2 and see that LP1 and LP2 have the same optimum.
This applies to \cite{chalermsook_approximating_2022} but cannot get an improvement on their algorithm.(MWU does not care the number of constraints.) So does this trick apply to connectivity interdiction?
\[
\min_{\text{cut C}, f\in C}\frac{\sum_{e\in C\setminus\set{f}}w(e)x_e}{k-c(f)}
\]
\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{ref}
\end{document}

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@inproceedings{vygen_fptas_2024,
address = {Cham},
title = {An {FPTAS} for {Connectivity} {Interdiction}},
volume = {14679},
isbn = {978-3-031-59834-0 978-3-031-59835-7},
url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-59835-7_16},
language = {en},
urldate = {2024-11-04},
booktitle = {Integer {Programming} and {Combinatorial} {Optimization}},
publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
author = {Huang, Chien-Chung and Obscura Acosta, Nidia and Yingchareonthawornchai, Sorrachai},
editor = {Vygen, Jens and Byrka, Jarosław},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-59835-7_16},
pages = {210--223},
}
@article{chalermsook_approximating_2022,
title = {Approximating k-{Edge}-{Connected} {Spanning} {Subgraphs} via a {Near}-{Linear} {Time} {LP} {Solver}},
volume = {229},
copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess},
issn = {1868-8969},
url = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.37},
doi = {10.4230/LIPICS.ICALP.2022.37},
language = {en},
urldate = {2025-03-09},
journal = {LIPIcs, Volume 229, ICALP 2022},
author = {Chalermsook, Parinya and Huang, Chien-Chung and Nanongkai, Danupon and Saranurak, Thatchaphol and Sukprasert, Pattara and Yingchareonthawornchai, Sorrachai},
editor = {Bojańczyk, Mikołaj and Merelli, Emanuela and Woodruff, David P.},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Approximation Algorithms, Data Structures, Theory of computation → Routing and network design problems},
pages = {37:1--37:20},
}
@article{garg_faster_nodate,
author = {Garg, Naveen and K\"{o}nemann, Jochen},
title = {Faster and Simpler Algorithms for Multicommodity Flow and Other Fractional Packing Problems},
journal = {SIAM Journal on Computing},
volume = {37},
number = {2},
pages = {630-652},
year = {2007},
doi = {10.1137/S0097539704446232},
URL = { https://doi.org/10.1137/S0097539704446232},
eprint = {https://doi.org/10.1137/S0097539704446232},
abstract = { This paper considers the problem of designing fast, approximate, combinatorial algorithms for multicommodity flows and other fractional packing problems. We present new, faster, and much simpler algorithms for these problems. }
}